DPUTATAMI'S

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2011-09-19T04:28:00.000-07:00

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD or AD/HD or ADD) is a developmental disorder.

[1] It is primarily characterized by "the co-existence of attentional problems and hyperactivity, with each behavior occurring infrequently alone" and symptoms starting before seven years of age.
[2]ADHD is the most commonly studied and diagnosed psychiatric disorder in children, affecting about 3 to 5 percent of children globally[3]
[4] and diagnosed in about 2 to 16 percent of school aged children.
[5] It is a chronic disorder
[6] with 30 to 50 percent of those individuals diagnosed in childhood continuing to have symptoms into adulthood.[7]
[8] Adolescents and adults with ADHD tend to develop coping mechanisms to compensate for some or all of their impairments.
[9] It is estimated that 4.7 percent of American adults live with ADHD.[10] Standardized rating scales such as WHO's Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale can be used for ADHD screening and assessment of the disorder’s symptoms severity.[11]
ADHD is diagnosed two to four times more frequently in boys than in girls,[12]
[13] though studies suggest this discrepancy may be partially due to subjective bias of referring teachers.[14] ADHD management usually involves some combination of medications, behavior modifications, lifestyle changes, and counseling. Its symptoms can be difficult to differentiate from other disorders, increasing the likelihood that the diagnosis of ADHD will be missed.[15] Additionally, most clinicians have not received formal training in the assessment and treatment of ADHD, particularly in adult patients.[15]
ADHD and its diagnosis and treatment have been considered controversial since the 1970s.
[16] The controversies have involved clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents and the media. Topics include the actuality of the disorder, its causes, and the use of stimulant medications in its treatment.[17][18][19] Most healthcare providers accept that ADHD is a genuine disorder with debate in the scientific community centering mainly around how it is diagnosed and treated.[20][21][22] The American Medical Association concluded in 1998 that the diagnostic criteria for ADHD are based on extensive research and, if applied appropriately, lead to the diagnosis with high reliability.[23]

Classification

ADHD may be seen as one or more continuous traits found normally throughout the general population.[24] It is a developmental disorder in which certain traits such as impulse control lag in development. Using magnetic resonance imaging of the prefrontal cortex, this developmental lag has been estimated to range from 3 to 5 years.[25] A diagnosis of ADHD does not, however, imply a neurological disease.[24][clarification needed] ADHD is classified as a disruptive behavior disorder along with oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and antisocial disorder.[26]
ADHD has three subtypes:[27]

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive

Most symptoms (six or more) are in the hyperactivity-impulsivity categories.
Fewer than six symptoms of inattention are present, although inattention may still be present to some degree.

Predominantly inattentive

The majority of symptoms (six or more) are in the inattention category and fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present, although hyperactivity-impulsivity may still be present to some degree.
Children with this subtype are less likely to act out or have difficulties getting along with other children. They may sit quietly, but they are not paying attention to what they are doing. Therefore, the child may be overlooked, and parents and teachers may not notice symptoms of ADHD.

Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive

Six or more symptoms of inattention and six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present.
Most children with ADHD have the combined type.

Signs and symptoms

Hyperactivity is a common symptom of ADHD.
Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity are the key behaviors of ADHD. The symptoms of ADHD are especially difficult to define because it is hard to draw the line at where normal levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity end and clinically significant levels requiring intervention begin.[15] To be diagnosed with ADHD, symptoms must be observed in two different settings for six months or more and to a degree that is greater than other children of the same age.[28]
The symptom categories of ADHD in children yield three potential classifications of ADHD—predominantly inattentive type, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type, or combined type if criteria for both subtypes are met:[15]:p.4
Predominantly inattentive type symptoms may include:[29]
1.Be easily distracted, miss details, forget things, and frequently switch from one activity to another
2.Have difficulty maintaining focus on one task
3.Become bored with a task after only a few minutes, unless doing something enjoyable
4.Have difficulty focusing attention on organizing and completing a task or learning something new or trouble completing or turning in homework assignments, often losing things (e.g., pencils, toys, assignments) needed to complete tasks or activities
5.Not seem to listen when spoken to
6.Daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly
7.Have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others
8.Struggle to follow instructions.

Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type symptoms may include:[29]

1.Fidget and squirm in their seats
2.Talk nonstop
3.Dash around, touching or playing with anything and everything in sight
4.Have trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and story time
5.Be constantly in motion
6.Have difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities.

and also these manifestations primarily of impulsivity:[29]

1.Be very impatient
2.Blurt out inappropriate comments, show their emotions without restraint, and act without regard for consequences
3.Have difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turns in games
4.Most people exhibit some of these behaviors, but not to the degree where such behaviors significantly interfere with a person's work, relationships, or studies—and

in the absence of significant interference or impairment, a diagnosis of ADHD is normally not appropriate. The core impairments are consistent even in different cultural contexts.[30]

Symptoms may persist into adulthood for up to half of children diagnosed with ADHD. Estimating this is difficult as there are no official diagnostic criteria for ADHD in adults.[15] ADHD in adults remains a clinical diagnosis. The signs and symptoms may differ from those during childhood and adolescence due to the adaptive processes and avoidance mechanisms learned during the process of socialisation.[31]

A 2009 study found that children with ADHD move around a lot because it helps them stay alert enough to complete challenging tasks.[32]

Comorbid disorders

ADHD may accompany other disorders such as anxiety or depression. Such combinations can greatly complicate diagnosis and treatment. Academic studies and research in private practice suggest that depression in ADHD appears to be increasingly prevalent in children as they get older, with a higher rate of increase in girls than in boys, and to vary in prevalence with the subtype of ADHD. Where a mood disorder complicates ADHD it would be prudent to treat the mood disorder first, but parents of children who have ADHD often wish to have the ADHD treated first, because the response to treatment is quicker.[33]

Inattention and "hyperactive" behavior are not the only problems in children with ADHD. ADHD exists alone in only about 1/3 of the children diagnosed with it. Many co-existing conditions require other courses of treatment and should be diagnosed separately instead of being grouped in the ADHD diagnosis. Some of the associated conditions are:

Oppositional defiant disorder (35%) and conduct disorder (26%) which both are characterized by antisocial behaviors such as stubbornness, aggression, frequent temper tantrums, deceitfulness, lying, or stealing,[34] inevitably linking these comorbid disorders with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD); about half of those with hyperactivity and ODD or CD develop ASPD in adulthood.[35]
Borderline personality disorder, which was according to a study on 120 female psychiatric patients diagnosed and treated for BPD associated with ADHD in 70 percent of those cases.[36]

Primary disorder of vigilance, which is characterized by poor attention and concentration, as well as difficulties staying awake. These children tend to fidget, yawn and stretch and appear to be hyperactive in order to remain alert and active.[34]

Mood disorders. Boys diagnosed with the combined subtype have been shown likely to suffer from a mood disorder.[37]
Bipolar disorder. As many as 25 percent of children with ADHD have bipolar disorder. Children with this combination may demonstrate more aggression and behavioral problems than those with ADHD alone.[34]
Anxiety disorder, which has been found to be common in girls diagnosed with the inattentive subtype of ADHD.[38]

Obsessive-compulsive disorder. OCD is believed to share a genetic component with ADHD and shares many of its characteristics.[34]

Cause
The specific causes of ADHD are not known.[39] There are, however, a number of factors that may contribute to, or exacerbate ADHD. They include genetics, diet and the social and physical environments.

Genetics
PET scan: ADHD brains dopamine transporters
Twin studies indicate that the disorder is highly heritable and that genetics are a factor in about 75 percent of all cases.[24] Hyperactivity also seems to be primarily a genetic condition; however, other causes do have an effect.[40]
Researchers believe that a large majority of ADHD cases arise from a combination of various genes, many of which affect dopamine transporters. Candidate genes include α2A adrenergic receptor, dopamine transporter, dopamine receptors D2/D3,[41] dopamine beta-hydroxylase monoamine oxidase A, catecholamine-methyl transferase, serotonin transporter promoter (SLC6A4), 5HT2A receptor, 5HT1B receptor,[42] the 10-repeat allele of the DAT1 gene,[43] the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 gene,[43] and the dopamine beta hydroxylase gene (DBH TaqI).[44] A common variant of a gene called LPHN3 is estimated to be responsible for about 9% of the incidence of ADHD, and ADHD cases where this gene is present are particularly responsive to stimulant medication.[45]
The broad selection of targets indicates that ADHD does not follow the traditional model of "a simple genetic disease" and should therefore be viewed as a complex interaction among genetic and environmental factors. Even though all these genes might play a role, to date no single gene has been shown to make a major contribution to ADHD.[46]

Evolutionary theories

See also: Hunter vs. farmer theory

The hunter vs. farmer theory is a hypothesis proposed by author Thom Hartmann about the origins of ADHD. The theory proposes that hyperactivity may be an adaptive behavior in pre-modern humans[47] and that those with ADHD retain some of the older "hunter" characteristics associated with early pre-agricultural human society. According to this theory, individuals with ADHD may be more adept at searching and seeking and less adept at staying put and managing complex tasks over time.[48] Further evidence showing hyperactivity may be evolutionarily beneficial was put forth in 2006 in a study which found it may carry specific benefits for certain forms of ancient society. In these societies, those with ADHD are hypothesized to have been more proficient in tasks involving risk or competition (i.e. hunting, mating rituals, etc.).[49] A genetic variant associated with ADHD (DRD4 48bp VNTR 7R allele), has been found to be at higher frequency in more nomadic populations and those with more of a history of migration.[50] Consistent with this, another group of researchers observed that the health status of nomadic Ariaal men was higher if they had the ADHD associated genetic variant (7R alleles). However in recently sedentary (non-nomadic) Ariaal those with 7R alleles seemed to have slightly worse health.[51]

Environmental

Twin studies to date have suggested that approximately 9 to 20 percent of the variance in hyperactive-impulsive-inattentive behavior or ADHD symptoms can be attributed to nonshared environmental (nongenetic) factors.[52][53][54][55] Environmental factors implicated include alcohol and tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and environmental exposure to lead in very early life.[56] The relation of smoking to ADHD could be due to nicotine causing hypoxia (lack of oxygen) to the fetus in utero.[57] It could also be that women with ADHD are more likely to smoke[58] and therefore, due to the strong genetic component of ADHD, are more likely to have children with ADHD.[59] Complications during pregnancy and birth—including premature birth—might also play a role.[60] ADHD patients have been observed to have higher than average rates of head injuries;[61] however, current evidence does not indicate that head injuries are the cause of ADHD in the patients observed.[62] Infections during pregnancy, at birth, and in early childhood are linked to an increased risk of developing ADHD. These include various viruses (measles, varicella, rubella, enterovirus 71) and streptococcal bacterial infection.[63][64]
A 2007 study linked the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos, which is used on some fruits and vegetables, with delays in learning rates, reduced physical coordination, and behavioral problems in children, especially ADHD.[65]
A 2010 study found that pesticide exposure is strongly associated with an increased risk of ADHD in children. Researchers analyzed the levels of organophosphate residues in the urine of more than 1,100 children aged 8 to 15 years old, and found that those with the highest levels of dialkyl phosphates, which are the breakdown products of organophosphate pesticides, also had the highest incidence of ADHD. Overall, they found a 35 percent increase in the odds of developing ADHD with every 10-fold increase in urinary concentration of the pesticide residues. The effect was seen even at the low end of exposure: children who had any detectable, above-average level of pesticide metabolite in their urine were twice as likely as those with undetectable levels to record symptoms of ADHD.[66][67]
Three government-funded longitudinal studies from 2010 and 2011 examined environmental exposure to organophosphate pesticides between pregnancy and grade school. Although the studies varied in techniques to measure pesticide exposure, they reached similar conclusions. Children exposed to higher levels of organophosphates during pregnancy were more likely to have lower IQs and problems focusing or solving problems. One study suggested that genetics play a strong role in whether exposure to organophosphates causes damage. Two studies found higher rates of ADHD diagnosis among children exposed to higher levels of organophosphate pesticides.[68]

Diet

Main article: Diet and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

A study[69] published in The Lancet in 2007 found a link between children’s ingestion of many commonly used artificial food colors, the preservative sodium benzoate and hyperactivity. In response to these findings, the British government took prompt action. According to the Food Standards Agency, the food regulatory agency in the UK, food manufacturers are being encouraged to voluntarily phase out the use of most artificial food colors by the end of 2009.[citation needed] Following the FSA’s actions, the European Commission ruled that any food products containing the “Southampton Six” (The contentious colourings are: sunset yellow FCF (E110), quinoline yellow (E104), carmoisine (E122), allura red (E129), tartrazine (E102) and ponceau 4R (E124)) must display warning labels on their packaging by 2010.[citation needed] In the US, little has been done[clarification needed] to curb food manufacturer’s use of specific food colors, despite the new evidence presented by the Southampton study. However, the existing US Food Drug and Cosmetic Act[70] had already required that artificial food colors be approved for use, that they must be given FD&C numbers by the FDA, and the use of these colors must be indicated on the package.[71] This is why food packaging in the USA may state something like: "Contains FD&C Red #40." As of March 2011, the FDA was evaluating the scientific evidence of a link between dyes and ADHD; a preliminary analysis found there was no link.[72]

Social

The World Health Organization states that the diagnosis of ADHD can represent family dysfunction or inadequacies in the educational system rather than individual psychopathology.[73][dead link] Other researchers believe that relationships with caregivers have a profound effect on attentional and self-regulatory abilities. A study of foster children found that a high number of them had symptoms closely resembling ADHD.[74] Researchers have found behavior typical of ADHD in children who have suffered violence and emotional abuse.[24][75] Furthermore, Complex Post Traumatic Stress Disorder can result in attention problems that can look like ADHD.[76] ADHD is also considered to be related to sensory integration dysfunction.[77]

A 2010 article by CNN suggests that there is an increased risk for internationally adopted children to develop mental health disorders, such as ADHD and ODD.[78] The risk may be related to the length of time the children spent in an orphanage, especially if they were neglected or abused. Many of these families who adopted the affected children feel overwhelmed and frustrated, since managing their children may entail more responsibilities than originally anticipated. The adoption agencies may be aware of the child's behavioral history, but decide to withhold the information prior to the adoption. This in turn has resulted in some parents suing adoption agencies, in the abuse of children, and even in the relinquishment of the child.

Neurodiversity

Main article: Neurodiversity

Proponents of the neurodiversity theory assert that atypical (neurodivergent) neurological development is a normal human difference that is to be tolerated and respected just like any other human difference. Social critics argue that while biological factors may play a large role in difficulties with sitting still in class and/or concentrating on schoolwork in some children, these children could have failed to integrate others' social expectations of their behavior for a variety of other reasons.[79] As genetic research into ADHD proceeds, it may become possible to integrate this information with the neurobiology in order to distinguish disability from varieties of normal or even exceptional functioning in people along the same spectrum of attention differences.[80]

Social construct theory of ADHD

Main article: Social construct theory of ADHD

Social construction theory states that it is societies that determine where the line between normal and abnormal behavior is drawn. Thus society members including physicians, parents, teachers, and others are the ones who determine which diagnostic criteria are applied and thus determine the number of people affected.[81] This is exemplified in the fact that the DSM IV arrives at levels of ADHD three to four times higher than those obtained with use of the ICD 10.[13] Thomas Szasz, an extreme proponent of this theory, has gone so far as to state that ADHD was "invented and not discovered."[82][83]

Low arousal theory

Main article: Low arousal theory

According to the low arousal theory, people with ADHD need excessive activity as self-stimulation because of their state of abnormally low arousal.[84][85] The theory states that those with ADHD cannot self-moderate, and their attention can only be gained by means of environmental stimuli,[84] which in turn results in disruption of attentional capacity and an increase in hyperactive behaviour.[86]
Without enough stimulation coming from the environment, an ADHD child will create it him or herself by walking around, fidgeting, talking, etc. This theory also explains why stimulant medications have high success rates and can induce a calming effect at therapeutic dosages among children with ADHD. It establishes a strong link with scientific data that ADHD is connected to abnormalities with the neurochemical dopamine and a powerful link with low-stimulation PET scan results in ADHD subjects.[84]

Pathophysiology
Diagram of the human brain

The pathophysiology of ADHD is unclear and there are a number of competing theories.[87] Research on children with ADHD has shown a general reduction of brain volume, but with a proportionally greater reduction in the volume of the left-sided prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the core ADHD features of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity may reflect frontal lobe dysfunction, but other brain regions particularly the cerebellum have also been implicated.[88] Neuroimaging studies in ADHD have not always given consistent results and as of 2008 are only used for research not diagnostic purposes.[89] A 2005 review of published studies involving neuroimaging, neuropsychological genetics, and neurochemistry found converging lines of evidence to suggest that four connected frontostriatal regions play a role in the pathophysiology of ADHD: The lateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, and putamen.[90]
In one study a delay in development of certain brain structures by an average of three years occurred in ADHD elementary school aged patients. The delay was most prominent in the frontal cortex and temporal lobe, which are believed to be responsible for the ability to control and focus thinking. In contrast, the motor cortex in the ADHD patients was seen to mature faster than normal, suggesting that both slower development of behavioral control and advanced motor development might be required for the fidgetiness that characterizes ADHD.[91] It should be noted that stimulant medication itself may affect growth factors of the central nervous system.[92]
The same laboratory had previously found involvement of the "7-repeat" variant of the dopamine D4 receptor gene, which accounts for about 30 percent of the genetic risk for ADHD, in unusual thinness of the cortex of the right side of the brain; however, in contrast to other variants of the gene found in ADHD patients, the region normalized in thickness during the teen years in these children, coinciding with clinical improvement.[93]
Additionally, SPECT scans found people with ADHD to have reduced blood circulation (indicating low neural activity),[94] and a significantly higher concentration of dopamine transporters in the striatum which is in charge of planning ahead.[95][96] A study by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory in collaboration with Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York suggest that it is not the dopamine transporter levels that indicate ADHD, but the brain's ability to produce neurotransmitters like dopamine itself. The study was done by injecting 20 ADHD subjects and 25 control subjects with a radiotracer that attaches itself to dopamine transporters. The study found that it was not the transporter levels that indicated ADHD, but the dopamine itself. ADHD subjects showed lower levels of dopamine (hypodopaminergia) across the board. They speculated that since ADHD subjects had lower levels of dopamine to begin with, the number of transporters in the brain was not the telling factor. In support of this notion, plasma homovanillic acid, an index of dopamine levels, was found to be inversely related not only to childhood ADHD symptoms in adult psychiatric patients, but to "childhood learning problems" in healthy subjects as well.[97] One interpretation of dopamine pathway tracers is that the biochemical "reward" mechanism works for those with ADHD only when the task performed is inherently motivating; low levels of dopamine raise the threshold at which someone can maintain focus on a task which is otherwise boring.[98] Neuroimaging studies also found that neurotransmitters level (e.g. dopamine and serotonin) in the synaptic cleft goes down during depression.[99][100]
A 1990 PET scan study by Alan J. Zametkin et al. found that global cerebral glucose metabolism was 8 percent lower in medication-naive adults who had been hyperactive since childhood.[101] Further studies found that chronic stimulant treatment had little effect on global glucose metabolism,[102] a 1993 study in girls failed to find a decreased global glucose metabolism, but found significant differences in glucose metabolism in 6 specific regions of the brains of ADHD girls as compared to control subjects. The study also found that differences in one specific region of the frontal lobe were statistically correlated with symptom severity.[103] A further study in 1997 also failed to find global differences in glucose metabolism, but similarly found differences in glucose normalization in specific regions of the brain. The 1997 study also noted that their findings were somewhat different than those in the 1993 study, and concluded that sexual maturation may have played a role in this discrepancy.[104] The significance of the research by Zametkin has not been determined and neither his group nor any other has been able to replicate the 1990 results.[105][106][107]

Critics, such as Jonathan Leo and David Cohen, who reject the characterization of ADHD as a disorder, contend that the controls for stimulant medication usage were inadequate in some lobar volumetric studies which makes it impossible to determine whether ADHD itself or psychotropic medication used to treat ADHD is responsible for the decreased thickness observed[108] in certain brain regions. While the main study in question used age-matched controls, it did not provide information on height and weight of the subjects. These variables it has been argued could account for the regional brain size differences rather than ADHD itself.[109][110] They believe many neuroimaging studies are oversimplified in both popular and scientific discourse and given undue weight despite deficiencies in experimental methodology.[109]
Diagnosis

ADHD is diagnosed via a psychiatric assessment; to rule out other potential causes or comorbidities, physical examination, radiological imaging, and laboratory tests may be used.[111]
In North America, the DSM-IV criteria are often the basis for a diagnosis, while European countries usually use the ICD-10. If the DSM-IV criteria are used, rather than the ICD-10, a diagnosis of ADHD is 3–4 times more likely.[13] Factors other than those within the DSM or ICD however have been found to affect the diagnosis in clinical practice. A child's social and school environment as well as academic pressures at school are likely to be of influence.[112]
Many of the symptoms of ADHD occur from time to time in everyone; in patients with ADHD, the frequency of these symptoms is greater and patients' lives are significantly impaired. Impairment must occur in multiple settings to be classified as ADHD.[28] As with many other psychiatric and medical disorders, the formal diagnosis is made by a qualified professional in the field based on a set number of criteria. In the USA these criteria are laid down by the American Psychiatric Association in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 4th edition. Based on the DSM-IV criteria listed below, three types of ADHD are classified:

ADHD, Combined Type: if both criteria 1A and 1B are met for the past 6 months
ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type: if criterion 1A is met but criterion 1B is not met for the past six months
ADHD, Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: if criterion 1B is met but criterion 1A is not met for the past six months.[113]
The previously used term ADD expired with the most recent revision of the DSM. Consequently, ADHD is the current nomenclature used to describe the disorder as one distinct disorder which can manifest itself as being a primary deficit resulting in hyperactivity/impulsivity (ADHD, predominately hyperactive-impulsive type) or inattention (ADHD predominately inattentive type) or both (ADHD combined type).
DSM-IV
IA. Six or more of the following signs of inattention have been present for at least 6 months to a point that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:
Inattention:
Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork, work, or other activities.
Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities.
Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
Often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand instructions).
Often has trouble organizing activities.
Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn't want to do things that take a lot of mental effort for a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework).
Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (such as toys, school assignments, pencils, books, or tools).
Is often easily distracted.
Often forgetful in daily activities.
IB. Six or more of the following signs of hyperactivity-impulsivity have been present for at least 6 months to an extent that is disruptive and inappropriate for developmental level:
Hyperactivity:
Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat.
Often gets up from seat when remaining in seat is expected.
Often runs about or climbs when and where it is not appropriate (adolescents or adults may feel very restless).
Often has trouble playing or enjoying leisure activities quietly.
Is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor".
Often talks excessively.
Impulsiveness:
Often blurts out answers before questions have been finished.
Often has trouble waiting one's turn.
Often interrupts or intrudes on others (example: butts into conversations or games).
II. Some signs that cause impairment were present before age 7 years.
III. Some impairment from the signs is present in two or more settings (such as at school/work and at home).
IV. There must be clear evidence of significant impairment in social, school, or work functioning.
V. The signs do not happen only during the course of a Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder. The signs are not better accounted for by another mental disorder (such as Mood Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Dissociative Identity Disorder, or a Personality Disorder).[114]
ICD-10
In the tenth edition of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) the signs of ADHD are given the name "Hyperkinetic disorders". When a conduct disorder (as defined by ICD-10[115]) is present, the condition is referred to as "Hyperkinetic conduct disorder". Otherwise the disorder is classified as "Disturbance of Activity and Attention", "Other Hyperkinetic Disorders" or "Hyperkinetic Disorders, Unspecified". The latter is sometimes referred to as, "Hyperkinetic Syndrome".[115]
Other guidelines
The American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline for children with ADHD emphasizes that a reliable diagnosis is dependent upon the fulfillment of three criteria:[116]
The use of explicit criteria for the diagnosis using the DSM-IV-TR.
The importance of obtaining information about the child’s signs in more than one setting.
The search for coexisting conditions that may make the diagnosis more difficult or complicate treatment planning.
All three criteria are determined using the patient's history given by the parents, teachers and/or the patient.
Adults often continue to be impaired by ADHD. Adults with ADHD are diagnosed under the same criteria, including the stipulation that their signs must have been present prior to the age of seven.[117] Adults face some of their greatest challenges in the areas of self-control and self-motivation, as well as executive functioning, usually having more signs of inattention and fewer of hyperactivity or impulsiveness than children do.[118]
The American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) considers it necessary that the following be present before attaching the label of ADHD to a child:
The behaviors must appear before age 7.
They must continue for at least six months.
The symptoms must also create a real handicap in at least two of the following areas of the child’s life:

1.in the classroom,
2.on the playground,
3.at home,
4.in the community, or
5.in social settings.[119]

If a child seems too active on the playground but not elsewhere, the problem might not be ADHD. It might also not be ADHD if the behaviors occur in the classroom but nowhere else. A child who shows some symptoms would not be diagnosed with ADHD if his or her schoolwork or friendships are not impaired by the behaviors.[119]
Differential
To make the diagnosis of ADHD, a number of other possible medical and psychological conditions must be excluded.

Medical conditions

Medical conditions that must be excluded include: hypothyroidism, anemia, lead poisoning, chronic illness, hearing or vision impairment, substance abuse, medication side effects, sleep impairment and child abuse,[120] and cluttering (tachyphemia) among others.

Sleep conditions

As with other psychological and neurological issues, the relationship between ADHD and sleep is complex. In addition to clinical observations, there is substantial empirical evidence from a neuroanatomic standpoint to suggest that there is considerable overlap in the central nervous system centers that regulate sleep and those that regulate attention/arousal.[121] Primary sleep disorders play a role in the clinical presentation of symptoms of inattention and behavioral dysregulation. There are multilevel and bidirectional relationships among sleep, neurobehavioral functioning and the clinical syndrome of ADHD.[122]
Behavioral manifestations of sleepiness in children range from the classic ones (yawning, rubbing eyes), to externalizing behaviors (impulsivity, hyperactivity, aggressiveness), to mood lability and inattentiveness.[121][123][124] Many sleep disorders are important causes of symptoms which may overlap with the cardinal symptoms of ADHD; children with ADHD should be regularly and systematically assessed for sleep problems.[121][125]

From a clinical standpoint, mechanisms that account for the phenomenon of excessive daytime sleepiness include:

Chronic sleep deprivation, that is insufficient sleep for physiologic sleep needs,
Fragmented or disrupted sleep, caused by, for example, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD),
Primary clinical disorders of excessive daytime sleepiness, such as narcolepsy and
Circadian rhythm disorders, such as delayed sleep phase syndrome (DSPS). A study in the Netherlands compared two groups of unmedicated 6-12-year-olds, all of them with "rigorously diagnosed ADHD". 87 of them had problems getting to sleep, 33 had no sleep problems. The larger group had a significantly later dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) than did the children with no sleep problems.[126]

Management

Main article: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder management

Methods of treatment often involve some combination of behavior modification, life-style changes, counseling, and medication. A 2005 study found that medical management and behavioral treatment is the most effective ADHD management strategy, followed by medication alone, and then behavioral treatment.[127] While medication has been shown to improve behavior when taken over the short term, they have not been shown to alter long term outcomes.[128] Medications have at least some effect in about 80% of people.[129]

Psychosocial

The evidence is strong for the effectiveness of behavioral treatments in ADHD.[130] It is recommended first line in those who have mild symptoms and in preschool aged children.[131] Psychological therapies used include psychoeducational input, behavior therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), family therapy, school-based interventions, social skills training and parent management training.[24] Parent training and education have been found to have short term benefits.[132] Family therapy has shown to be of little use in the treatment of ADHD,[133] though it may be worth noting that parents of children with ADHD are more likely to divorce than parents of children without ADHD, particularly when their children are younger than eight years old.[134] Several ADHD specific support groups exist as informational sources and to help families cope with challenges associated with dealing with ADHD.

Medication

Ritalin (methylphenidate) 10 mg tablets (AU)
Stimulant medication are the medical treatment of choice.[135] There are a number of non-stimulant medications, such as atomoxetine, that may be used as alternatives.[135] There are no good studies of comparative effectiveness between various medications, and there is a lack of evidence on their effects on academic performance and social behaviors.[136] While stimulants and atomoxetine are generally safe, there are side effects and contraindications to their use.[135] Medications are not recommended for preschool children, as their long-term effects in such young people are unknown.[24][137] There is very little data on the long-term adverse effects or benefits of stimulants for ADHD.[138] Guidelines on when to use medications vary internationally, with the UK's National Institute of Clinical Excellence, for example, only recommending use in severe cases, while most United States guidelines recommend medications in nearly all cases.[139]

Prognosis

Children diagnosed with ADHD have significant difficulties in adolescence, regardless of treatment.[140] In the United States, 37 percent of those with ADHD do not get a high school diploma even though many of them will receive special education services.[141] A 1995 briefing citing a 1994 book review says the combined outcomes of the expulsion and dropout rates indicate that almost half of all ADHD students never finish high school.[142] Also in the US, less than 5 percent of individuals with ADHD get a college degree[143] compared to 28 percent of the general population.[144] Those with ADHD as children are at increased risk of a number of adverse life outcomes once they become teenagers. These include a greater risk of auto crashes, injury and higher medical expenses, earlier sexual activity, and teen pregnancy.[145] Russell Barkley states that adult ADHD impairments affect "education, occupation, social relationships, sexual activities, dating and marriage, parenting and offspring psychological morbidity, crime and drug abuse, health and related lifestyles, financial management, or driving. ADHD can be found to produce diverse and serious impairments".[146] The proportion of children meeting the diagnostic criteria for ADHD drops by about 50 percent over three years after the diagnosis. This occurs regardless of the treatments used and also occurs in untreated children with ADHD.[120][147][148] ADHD persists into adulthood in about 30 to 50 percent of cases.[7] Those affected are likely to develop coping mechanisms as they mature, thus compensating for their previous ADHD.[9]

Epidemiology

Percent of United States youth 4–17 ever diagnosed with ADHD as of 2007
Percent of United States youth 4–17 ever diagnosed with ADHD as of 2003[149]
ADHD's global prevalence is estimated at 3 to 5 percent in people under the age of 19. There is, however, both geographical and local variability among studies. Geographically, children in North America appear to have a higher rate of ADHD than children in Africa and the Middle East.[150] Published studies have found rates of ADHD as low as 2 percent and as high as 14 percent among school aged children.[151] The rates of diagnosis and treatment of ADHD are also much higher on the East Coast of the USA than on the West Coast.[152] The frequency of the diagnosis differs between male children (10%) and female children (4%) in the United States.[153] This difference between genders may reflect either a difference in susceptibility or that females with ADHD are less likely to be diagnosed than males.[154]
Rates of ADHD diagnosis and treatment have increased in both the UK and the USA since the 1970s. In the UK an estimated 0.5 per 1,000 children had ADHD in the 1970s, while 3 per 1,000 received ADHD medications in the late 1990s. In the USA in the 1970s 12 per 1,000 children had the diagnosis, while in the late 1990s 34 per 1,000 had the diagnosis and the numbers continue to increase.[24]
In the UK in 2003 a prevalence of 3.6 percent is reported in male children and less than 1 percent is reported in female children.[155]

History

Main article: History of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Hyperactivity has long been part of the human condition. Sir Alexander Crichton describes "mental restlessness" in his book An Inquiry Into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement written in 1798.[156][157] The terminology used to describe the symptoms of ADHD has gone through many changes over history including: "minimal brain damage", "minimal brain dysfunction" (or disorder),[158] "learning/behavioral disabilities" and "hyperactivity". In the DSM-II (1968) it was the "Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood". In the DSM-III "ADD (Attention-Deficit Disorder) with or without hyperactivity" was introduced. In 1987 this was changed to ADHD in the DSM-III-R and subsequent editions.[159] The use of stimulants to treat ADHD was first described in 1937.[160]

Society and culture

See also: List of people diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

The media have reported on many issues related to ADHD. In 2001 PBS's Frontline aired a one-hour program about the effects of the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in minors, entitled "Medicating Kids."[161] The program included a selection of interviews with representatives of various points of view. In one segment, entitled Backlash, retired neurologist Fred Baughman and Peter Breggin whom PBS described as "outspoken critics who insist [ADHD is] a fraud perpetrated by the psychiatric and pharmaceutical industries on families anxious to understand their children's behavior"[162] were interviewed on the legitimacy of the disorder. Russell Barkley and Xavier Castellanos, then head of ADHD research at the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), defended the viability of the disorder. In the interview with Castellanos, he stated that little is scientifically understood.[163] Lawrence Diller was interviewed on the business of ADHD along with a representative from Shire Plc.[citation needed]

A number of notable individuals have given controversial opinions on ADHD. Scientologist Tom Cruise's interview with Matt Lauer was widely watched by the public. In this interview he spoke about postpartum depression and also referred to Ritalin and Adderall as being "street drugs" rather than as ADHD medication.[164] In England Baroness Susan Greenfield, a leading neuroscientist, spoke out publicly about the need for a wide-ranging inquiry in the House of Lords into the dramatic increase in the diagnosis of ADHD in the UK and possible causes[165] following a 2007 BBC Panorama programme which highlighted US research (The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD by the University of Buffalo showing treatment results of 600) suggesting drugs are no better than other forms of therapy for ADHD in the long term.[166]

Neil Bush (brother of former President George W. Bush) is credited in the cast of a 2005 ADHD documentary called The Drugging of Our Children[167] directed by Gary Null. In the film's trailer[168] Bush says: "Just because it is easy to drug a kid and get them to be compliant doesn't make it right to do it".
As of 2009, eight percent of all Major League Baseball players have been diagnosed with ADHD, making the disorder epidemic among this population. The increase coincided with the League's 2006 ban on stimulants (q.v. Major League Baseball drug policy).[169]

Legal status of medications

Stimulants legal status was recently reviewed by several international organizations:
Internationally, methylphenidate is a Schedule II drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.[170]
In the United States, methylphenidate is classified as a Schedule II controlled substance, the designation used for substances that have a recognized medical value but present a high likelihood for abuse because of their addictive potential.
In the United Kingdom, methylphenidate is a controlled 'Class B' substance, and possession without prescription is illegal, with a sentence up to 14 years and/or an unlimited fine.[171]
In New Zealand, it is a 'class B2 controlled substance'. unlawful possession is punishable by 6-month prison sentence and distribution of it is punishable by a 14-year sentence.

Controversies

Main article: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder controversies

ADHD and its diagnosis and treatment have been considered controversial since the 1970s.[16][18][172] The controversies have involved clinicians, teachers, policymakers, parents and the media. Opinions regarding ADHD range from not believing it exists at all[17] to believing there are genetic and physiological bases for the condition as well as disagreement about the use of stimulant medications in treatment.[17][18][19] Some sociologists consider ADHD to be a "classic example of the medicalization of deviant behavior, defining a previously nonmedical problem as a medical one".[16] Most healthcare providers in U.S. accept that ADHD is a genuine disorder with debate in centering mainly around how it is diagnosed and treated.[20][21][22] However,The British Psychological Society said in a 1997 report that physicians and psychiatrists should not follow the American example of applying medical labels to such a wide variety of attention-related disorders: "The idea that children who don’t attend or who don’t sit still in school have a mental disorder is not entertained by most British clinicians."[173][174] In 2009, the British Psychological Society, in collaboration with the Royal College of Psychiatrists, released a set of guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD.[175] In its guideline, it state that available evidence indicate that ADHD is a valid diagnosis. However, it states that the diagnosis lack any biological basis and that "[c]ontroversial issues surround changing thresholds applied to the definition of illness as new knowledge and treatments are developed and the extent to which it is acknowledged that clinical thresholds are socially and culturally influenced and determine how an individual's level of functioning within the "normal cultural environment" is assessed. It further states that "the acceptable thresholds for impairment are partly driven by the contemporary societal view of what is an acceptable level of deviation from the norm."
Others have included that it may stem from a misunderstanding of the diagnostic criteria and how they are utilized by clinicians,[15]:p.3 teachers, policymakers, parents and the media.[17] Debates center around key controversial issues; whether ADHD is a disability or merely a neurological description, the cause of the disorder, the changing of the diagnostic criteria, the rapid increase in diagnosis of ADHD, and the use of stimulants to treat the disorder.[176] Long term possible side effects of stimulants and their usefulness are largely unknown because of a lack of long term studies.[177] Some research raises questions about the long term effectiveness and side effects of medications used to treat ADHD.[178]
In 1998, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) released a consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. The statement, while recognizing that stimulant treatment is controversial, supports the validity of the ADHD diagnosis and the efficacy of stimulant treatment. It found controversy only in the lack of sufficient data on long-term use of medications, and in the need for more research in many areas.[179]

With a "wide variation in diagnosis across states, races, and ethnicities"[180] some investigators suspect that factors other than neurological conditions play a role when the diagnosis of ADHD is made.[180][181] Two studies published in 2010 suggest that the diagnosis is more likely to be made in the younger children within a grade; the authors propose that such a misdiagnosis of ADHD within a grade may be due to different states of maturity and may lead to potentially inappropriate treatment.[180][181]

In adult

Main article: Adult attention-deficit disorder

Researchers found that 60 percent of the children diagnosed with ADHD continue having symptoms well into adulthood.[182][183] Many adults, however, remain untreated.[182] Untreated adults with ADHD often have chaotic lifestyles, may appear to be disorganized and may rely on non-prescribed drugs and alcohol to get by.[184] They often have such associated psychiatric comorbidities as depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, or a learning disability.[184] A diagnosis of ADHD may offer adults insight into their behaviors and allow patients to become more aware and seek help with coping and treatment strategies.[183] There is controversy amongst some experts on whether ADHD persists into adulthood. Recognized as occurring in adults in 1978, it is currently not addressed separately from ADHD in childhood. Obstacles that clinicians face when assessing adults who may have ADHD include developmentally inappropriate diagnostic criteria, age-related changes, comorbidities and the possibility that high intelligence or situational factors can mask ADH

Taken from wikipedia.com

Anak Kebutuhan Khusus (ABK)

2011-09-19T04:21:00.000-07:00

Anak berkebutuhan khusus (Heward)adalah anak dengan karakteristik khusus yang berbeda dengan anak pada umumnya tanpa selalu menunjukan pada ketidakmampuan mental, emosi atau fisik. Yang termasuk kedalam ABK antara lain:tunanetra,tunarungu,tunagrahita, tunadaksa, tunalaras, kesulitan belajar, gangguan prilaku,anak berbakat, anak dengan gangguan kesehatan. istilah lain bagi anak berkebutuhan khusus adalah anak luar biasa dan anak cacat. Karena karakteristik dan hambatan yang dimilki, ABK memerlukan bentuk pelayanan pendidikan khusus yang disesuaikan dengan kemampuan dan potensi mereka, contohnya bagi tunanetra mereka memerlukan modifikasi teks bacaan menjadi tulisan Braille dan tunarungu berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa isyarat. Anak berkebutuan khusus biasanya bersekolah di Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB) sesuai dengan kekhususannya masing-masing. SLB bagian A untuk tunanetra, SLB bagian B untuk tunarungu, SLB bagian C untuk tunagrahita, SLB bagian D untuk tunadaksa, SLB bagian E untuk tunalaras dan SLB bagian G untuk cacat ganda.

Tunanetra

Tunanetra adalah individu yang memiliki hambatan dalam penglihatan. tunanetra dapat diklasifikasikan kedalam dua golongan yaitu: buta total (Blind) dan low vision. Definisi Tunanetra menurut Kaufman & Hallahan adalah individu yang memiliki lemah penglihatan atau akurasi penglihatan kurang dari 6/60 setelah dikoreksi atau tidak lagi memiliki penglihatan. Karena tunanetra memiliki keterbataan dalam indra penglihatan maka proses pembelajaran menekankan pada alat indra yang lain yaitu indra peraba dan indra pendengaran. Oleh karena itu prinsip yang harus diperhatikan dalam memberikan pengajaran kepada individu tunanetra adalah media yang digunakan harus bersifat taktual dan bersuara, contohnya adalah penggunaan tulisan braille, gambar timbul, benda model dan benda nyata. sedangkan media yang bersuara adalah tape recorder dan peranti lunak JAWS. Untuk membantu tunanetra beraktivitas di sekolah luar biasa mereka belajar mengenai Orientasi dan Mobilitas. Orientasi dan Mobilitas diantaranya mempelajari bagaimana tunanetra mengetahui tempat dan arah serta bagaimana menggunakan tongkat putih (tongkat khusus tunanetra yang terbuat dari alumunium)

Tunarungu

Tunarungu adalah individu yang memiliki hambatan dalam pendengaran baik permanen maupun tidak permanen. Klasifikasi tunarungu berdasarkan tingkat gangguan pendengaran adalah:

1.Gangguan pendengaran sangat ringan(27-40dB),
2.Gangguan pendengaran ringan(41-55dB),
3.Gangguan pendengaran sedang(56-70dB),
4.Gangguan pendengaran berat(71-90dB),
5.Gangguan pendengaran ekstrem/tuli(di atas 91dB).

Karena memiliki hambatan dalam pendengaran individu tunarungu memiliki hambatan dalam berbicara sehingga mereka biasa disebut tunawicara. Cara berkomunikasi dengan individu menggunakanbahasa isyarat, untuk abjad jari telah dipatenkan secara internasional sedangkan untuk isyarat bahasa berbeda-beda di setiap negara. saat ini dibeberapa sekolah sedang dikembangkan komunikasi total yaitu cara berkomunikasi dengan melibatkan bahasa verbal, bahasa isyarat dan bahasa tubuh. Individu tunarungu cenderung kesulitan dalam memahami konsep dari sesuatu yang abstrak.

Tunagrahita

Tunagrahita adalah individu yang memiliki intelegensi yang signifikan berada dibawah rata-rata dan disertai dengan ketidakmampuan dalam adaptasi prilaku yang muncul dalam masa perkembangan. klasifikasi tunagrahita berdasarkan pada tingkatan IQ.
1.Tunagrahita ringan (IQ : 51-70),
2.Tunagrahita sedang (IQ : 36-51),
3.Tunagrahita berat (IQ : 20-35),
4.Tunagrahita sangat berat (IQ dibawah 20).

Pembelajaran bagi individu tunagrahita lebih di titik beratkan pada kemampuan bina diri dan sosialisasi.

Tunadaksa

Tunadaksa adalah individu yang memiliki gangguan gerak yang disebabkan oleh kelainan neuro-muskular dan struktur tulang yang bersifat bawaan, sakit atau akibat kecelakaan, termasuk celebral palsy, amputasi, polio, dan lumpuh. Tingkat gangguan pada tunadaksa adalah ringan yaitu memiliki keterbatasan dalam melakukan aktivitas fisik tetap masih dapat ditingkatkan melalui terapi, sedang yaitu memilki keterbatasan motorik dan mengalami gangguan koordinasi sensorik, berat yaitu memiliki keterbatasan total dalam gerakan fisik dan tidak mampu mengontrol gerakan fisik.

Tunalaras

Tunalaras adalah individu yang mengalami hambatan dalam mengendalikan emosi dan kontrol sosial. individu tunalaras biasanya menunjukan prilaku menyimpang yang tidak sesuai dengan norma dan aturan yang berlaku disekitarnya. Tunalaras dapat disebabkan karena faktor internal dan faktor eksternal yaitu pengaruh dari lingkungan sekitar.
Kesulitan belajar
Adalah individu yang memiliki gangguan pada satu atau lebih kemampuan dasar psikologis yang mencakup pemahaman dan penggunaan bahasa, berbicara dan menulis yang dapat memengaruhi kemampuan berfikir, membaca, berhitung, berbicara yang disebabkan karena gangguan persepsi, brain injury, disfungsi minimal otak, dislexia, dan nafasia perkembangan. individu kesulitan belajar memiliki IQ rata-rata atau diatas rata-rata, mengalami gangguan motorik persepsi-motorik, gangguan koordinasi gerak, gangguan orientasi arah dan ruang dan keterlambatan perkembangan konsep.

onew and yoogeun moogeun

2011-05-27T06:09:00.001-07:00

precious oneew~

2011-05-27T06:06:00.001-07:00

minhooo~~~

2011-05-27T06:04:00.001-07:00

Credit: Glamourous91

THE SHINEE WORLD

2011-05-27T06:02:00.000-07:00

SHINee world <3

‘Bling Bling’ is “Jonghyun”

Uri ‘Bakryeoktaem’ eun “Taemin”

‘Dubu onrida’ neun “Onew”

SHINee ‘maneungyeolsoe’ “Key”

‘Bulkkoc kariseuma’ “Minho”

Urin biceul naeneun SHINee We’re living in the SMTown!

source: baidushineebar

SUPRE YOUNG LOOKING LEADER ONEW~~

2011-05-27T05:48:00.001-07:00

Super Young Looking Leader Onew @ Kangnam University 110526 #2

Can i poke your cheek leader keke!

source; all that onew,only onew,so gorgeous | credit & reupload: vivz @ soompi

SHINee REPLAY 2008-2011

2011-05-27T05:41:00.000-07:00

SHINee Replay 2008, 2011

Cr to pucho @ DC Shinee Gallery source : jujugal

SHINee released “Replay” japanese verions MV - http://tumblr.com/xlr2pd4kc6

SHINee Japan Debut - Replay http://tumblr.com/xlr2pdk939

SHINee: 「Replay -君は僕のeverything-」 (Replay - You Are my Everything) [ japanese+ Rom + Eng Trans ] - http://tumblr.com/xlr2pgn5dx

SHINee Replay -君は僕のeverything top favorite on youtube - http://tumblr.com/xlr2pgnmt4

[CAPS] Taemin Of 「Replay -君は僕のeverything-」 MV - http://tumblr.com/xlr2pgyoy7

[CAPS/HEAVY] SHINING SHINee「Replay -君は僕のeverything-」 MV - http://tumblr.com/xlr2ph4swq

SHINee Japanese version - Replay (Everything)

2011-05-27T05:40:00.001-07:00

[CAPS/HEAVY] SHINING SHINee「Replay -君は僕のeverything-」 MV

Source: baidushineebar

SHINee released “Replay” japanese verions MV - http://tumblr.com/xlr2pd4kc6

SHINee Japan Debut - Replay http://tumblr.com/xlr2pdk939

SHINee: 「Replay -君は僕のeverything-」 (Replay - You Are my Everything) [ japanese+ Rom + Eng Trans ] - http://tumblr.com/xlr2pgn5dx

SHINee Replay -君は僕のeverything top favorite on youtube - http://tumblr.com/xlr2pgnmt4

[CAPS] Taemin Of 「Replay -君は僕のeverything-」 MV - http://tumblr.com/xlr2pgyoy7

pictures of them

2011-05-27T04:16:00.001-07:00

see?? they are cute aren't they ??

my fave

2011-04-28T09:01:00.000-07:00

Lyrics | Shinee lyrics - Juliette lyrics

some words for you

2011-03-26T00:14:00.000-07:00

# the true beauty is not how your skin looks like, true beauty is what inside you
# maybe our hearts have the same favourite colours and found each other that way
# true love is forever, it can feel no hurts, no pain, and full of forgiveness
# make hopes as long as you can, cause your life will mean nothing when you stop hoping
# no words can exactly describe what love is, hearts just know
# love is so unpredictable, don’t try to plan it, just surf inside
# there’s only one single thin line between love and hate
# what night is night without a love inside, what day is day without a love beside
# love maybe blind, but can see in the dark
# learn from yesterday, do your best today, plan for a better tomorrow
# you wouldn’t know what life is before you fall deeply in love
# having a person to understand is better than many others who leave in hard condition

# a person needs just 3 things : someone to love, someting to do, and something to hope for
# trust your heart, and it will guide you to face this life
# some things are better left unsaid, don’t call them secrets, those are understanding
# love will find its own way even in the dark
# may today be just the beginning of many wonderful days to come …
# life will be so beautiful with a right person to share with

a wise words QUOTES

2011-03-26T00:09:00.000-07:00

“Wisdom doesn’t necessarily come with age. Sometimes age just shows up all by itself.”
~Tom Wilson

“Be happy. It’s one way of being wise.”
~Sidonie Gabrielle

What a new face courage puts on everything.
~Ralph Waldo Emerson

“Wisdom stands at the turn in the road and calls upon us publicly, but we consider it false and despise its adherents.”
~Kahlil Gibran

“If it takes a lot of words to say what you have in mind, give it more thought.”
~ Dennis Roch.

“A man only becomes wise when he begins to calculate the approximate depth of his ignorance.”
~Gian Carlo Menotti

“on’t speak unless you can improve upon the silence.”
~ Spanish Proverb.

“When an argument flares up, the wise man quenches it with silence”
~Saying by unknown author

“You may be deceived if you trust too much, But you live in torment if you don’t trust enough.”
~ Unknown

“A generous man forgets what he gives and remembers what he receives.”
~ Proverb

“We cannot hold a torch to light another’s path without brightening our own.”
~Ben Sweetland

The key to wisdom is knowing all the right questions.?€
~ John A. Simone

“By three methods we may learn wisdom: first, by reflection, which is noblest; second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third, by experience, which is the most bitter.”
~Confucius

?€œWisdom ceases to be wisdom when it becomes too proud to weep, too grave to laugh, and too selfish to seek other than itself.”
~ Kahlil Gibran

“If you have a garden and a library, you have everything you need.”
~ Marcus Tullius Cicero

“When nobody around you seems to measure up, it’s time to check your yardstick.”
~Bill Lemley

“Of all the things which wisdom provides to make life entirely happy, much the greatest is the possession of friendship”
~Epicurus

It really a few minutes before the "GRADUATION"

2011-03-25T05:47:00.000-07:00

Bener-bener deh , beberapa minggu , yaa sekiar 3 mingguan lagi udah mau ujian nasional.
Gue sama temen-temen satu angkatan lainnya juga udah berjuang abis-abisan, mulai dari pendalaman materi tiap sore, ampe bela-belain kagak main.... wew perjuangan berat dimana juga harus ngurangin porsi nonton tipi huwaaaaah.....

a few minutes before the "GRADUATION" itu yang akhir-akhir ini diomongin ama temen-temen gue, apalagi sama bagas yang selalu ngerencanain apa-apa yang bakal dia lakuin sama gue setelah lulus. LULUS, KULIAH, KERJA, BELI RUMAH, NIKAH, AMIIIINNNNN!!!!!!!

omongan sama nabila :

N: nanti di graduation party gue bakal main biola, disuruh pak Bambang (salah seorang guru kesenian gue di SMAN 58)
D: Hemm... terus lu mau mainin lagu apa bil ? susah juga kalo ga cepet-cepet latihan
N : Ada masukan gak ??
D :(langsung terlintas lagu GRADUATION'nya Vitamin C) yaampunnnn, lagu graduation 'nya vitamin C aja bil... nanti gua download deh,...

alhasil, yaaa lagu itu emang bakal selalu jadi kenangan di setiap peryaaan kelulusan.
Di setiap lirik nya ngelukisin apa yang bakal terjadi nanti ya setelah kita lulus? sukseskah kita nanti ? bakal saling kenal gak ya nanti ?
gak bisa ngebayangin kalo nantinya bakal pisah ama anak-anak gua yang lucu, keluarga XII IPS A, ya ampuun, pasti bakal sedih bangeeeet :'( apalagi kalo pisah ama bagas nanti nya (buat kuliah) huwaaaaaaa, tak terbayangkan!!!!!

KITA UNTUK SELAMANYA
itu sms yang baru aja gue terima dari tami, dan mala.
Dan mungkn di sekitar anak-anak XII IPS A lainnya beredar sms berantai lainnya yang nunjukkin bahwa pasti kehidupan kita setelah SMA bakal beda, hiks , that's the most sad story we've ever faced.

Semua pengalaman pernah kita alamin, pengalaman nyontek , nge bully temen yang resek, nganiaya sahabat sendiri, pacaran di kelas, ngerumpi di kantin, nyanyi-nyanyi di kamar mandi huhuuhu susah banget buat diluapain , dimana kita pernah bolos PM sekelas dan diomelin sama bu Sayekti...
Kita berusaha belajar untuk lebih baik di sekolah , berlomba-lomba dapet nilai bagus pas ulangan, berlomba-lomba jawab pertanyaan yang dikasih guru, ketakutan kalo dipanggil maju ke depan sama guru ekonomi dan akuntansi, tapi kita juga kadang berusaha buat BREAKING RULES bareng-bareng, bayangin betapa solid nya anak kelas kita yang anak-anak nya selalu berusaha buat ngebikin kelas jadi rame padahal yang masuk dikit.....

itu semua bakal kita rinduin banget deh setelah lulus, dan pasti bakal kita kenang.....

KITA MEMANG UNTUK SELAMANYA TEMAN :)
XII IPS A
IPA IPS angkatan 2010/2011 SMAN 58
SEMUA PELAJAR KELAS 3 TAHUN INI
LULUS 100 %

my english homework

2010-10-21T06:53:00.000-07:00

Butterflies

by
Roger Dean Kiser

There was a time in my life when beauty meant something special to me. I guess that would have been when I was about six or seven years old, just several weeks or maybe a month before the orphanage turned me into an old man.

I would get up every morning at the orphanage, make my bed just like the little soldier that I had become and then I would get into one of the two straight lines and march to breakfast with the other twenty or thirty boys who also lived in my dormitory.

After breakfast one Saturday morning I returned to the dormitory and saw the house parent chng the beautiful monarch butterflies who lived by the hundreds in the azalea bushes strewn around the orphanage.

I carefully watched as he caught these beautiful creatures, one after the other, and then took them from the net and then stuck straight pins through their head and , pinning them onto a heavy cardboard sheet.

How cruel it was to kill something of such beauty. I had walked many times out into the bushes, all by myself, just so the butterflies could land on my head, face and hands so I could look at them up close.

When the telephone rang the house parent laid the large cardboard paper down on the back cement step and went inside to answer the phone. I walked up to the cardboard and looked at the one butterfly who he had just pinned to the large paper. It was still moving about so I reached down and touched it on the wing causing one of the pins to fall out. It started flying around and around trying to get away but it was still pinned by the one wing with the other straight pin. Finally it's wing broke off and the butterfly fell to the ground and just quivered.

I picked up the torn wing and the butterfly and I spat on it's wing and tried to get it to stick back on so it could fly away and be free before the house parent came back. But it would not stay on him.

The next thing I knew the house parent came walking back out of the back door by the garbage room and started yelling at me. I told him that I did not do anything but he did not believe me. He picked up the cardboard paper and started hitting me on the top of the head. There were all kinds of butterfly pieces going everywhere. He threw the cardboard down on the ground and told me to pick it up and put it in the garbage can inside the back room of the dormitory and then he left.

I sat there in the dirt, by that big old tree, for the longest time trying to fit all the butterfly pieces back together so I could bury them whole, but it was too hard to do. So I prayed for them and then I put them in an old torn up shoe box and I buried them in the bottom of the fort that I had built in the ground, out by the large bamboos, near the blackberry bushes.

Every year when the butterflies would return to the orphanage and try to land on me I would try and shoo them away because they did not know that the orphanage was a bad place to live and a very bad place to die.
top

SANGKURIANG

A long time ago, the ancient land of Sunda was ruled by a king and a queen who had but a single daughter. Her name was Dayang Sumbi. She was beautiful and clever but also pampered and spoiled.

One day as she was weaving in her pavilion, she became moody and distracted, which caused her to keep dropping her shuttle on the floor.

Once when it fell she exclaimed she would marry the one who gave it back to her. At that very moment her dog Tumang, a demigod possessing magic powers, came up to her with the shuttle in his mouth. Dayang Sumbi had to marry him.

They lived happily together, and Dayang Sumbi gave birth to a baby boy, human in appearance but endowed with his father's magic powers. She named him Sangkuriang. As the boy grew up, he was always guarded by the faithful dog Tumang, whom he knew only as a companion and not as his father, Sangkuriang became handsome and brave.

One day his mother asked him to go hunting with the dog and bring her venison for a feast. After hunting all day without success, Sangkuriang worried about facing his mother empty-handed. Desperate, he took an arrow and shot the dog. He returned home and handed over the meat to his pleased mother.

Soon after the feast, however, Dayang Sumbi questioned her son about the absence of Tumang. At first he evaded her queries but finally told her what had happened. She was horrified and struck her son so hard on the temple that he collapsed. For that, the old king banished his daughter from the court and she was made to roam around the kingdom. Sangkuriang recovered with a large scar on his temple, and he too left the court to wander about the world.

Years later, Sangkuriang met a beautiful woman and instantly fell in love with her. It was his own mother-they did not recognize each other. He pro¬posed to her and she agreed to marry him. On the day before the wedding, as she was caressing her fiancee's hair, Dayang Sumbi detected the scar on the temple. Horror struck her, for she was about to marry her own son, Sangkuriang. Without revealing the whole truth to him, she tried unsuccessfully to dissuade him. Desperate to avoid the marriage, she set conditions she thought impossible to meet: Sangkuriang had to make a lake that filled the whole val¬ley and build a boat for the couple to sail in, all before dawn.

Sangkuriang started to work. His love gave him extraordinary strength, and he used his magic powers to summon the spirits to help him. With boul¬ders and mud they dammed the river in the valley and the water rose and began to form a lake. In the early morning hours he chopped down a huge tree in the forest and began hollowing it out to make a boat. When Dayang Sumbi saw that he was about to accomplish what she had thought impossi¬ble, she called on the gods to bring the sun up early and thwart Sangkuriang.

The cock crowed, the sun rose much earlier than usual, and Sangkuriang realized he had been deceived. In a fit of fury he cursed Dayang Sumbi and kicked the half-finished boat back into the forest. There it lies upside down today, forming the mountain Tangkuban Perahu (Upturned Boat). Not far away is the stump of the tree Sangkuriang had felled, now called Bukit Tunggul. The dam Sangkuriang had built caused the valley to become a lake, where both Sangkuriang and Dayang Sumbi drowned themselves. They were never heard of again.

A dog's life
Top of page
Abstract

The first cloned dog was born at some cost, and there needn't be many more.

An Afghan hound born in South Korea in June adds dogs to the small list of animal species that have been successfully cloned (see Dogs cloned from adult somatic cells ). The birth marks another first for the Korean-based group that cloned the first human embryos last year.

The development has some scientific significance, on account of the emerging importance of the dog as a model for the study of certain aspects of human genetics, development, behaviour and disease.

A dog genome project is being undertaken by a US team, and the cloning of dogs could provide an additional tool for researchers. The number of cloned dogs that will be needed for such research is probably small, however. Scientists such as Elaine Ostrander of the US National Human Genome Research Institute, head of the dog-genome project, do most of their work with pets living at home, not with kennels of animals bred for research. So the ability to clone dogs is unlikely to have more than a marginal impact on how such research is done.

Cohorts of cloned dogs could potentially be used to study the respective influence of genes and environment on particular traits, however. And if it were possible to derive embryonic stem-cell lines from cloned dog embryos — something that's so far only been done in mice and humans — then canine diseases could be studied more easily in Petri dishes, perhaps providing insights into disease mechanisms and even identifying new therapies. Deriving embryonic stem cells would also pave the way to therapeutic cloning in dogs — perhaps providing a useful animal model for research into human health.

It is unlikely that even the most obsessive pet owner would contemplate preparing more than 100 failed pregnancies for just one successful birth.

The initial dog-cloning experiment has proven the process to be remarkably inefficient, however, with only two live births — and one survivor — from a total of 1,095 embryos implanted in 123 surrogate mothers. This offers scant prospects for commercial pet cloning, the application of the work that the media is likely to make a fuss about. It is unlikely that even the most obsessive pet owner would contemplate preparing more than 100 failed pregnancies for just one successful birth — especially when there is no guarantee that the cloned dog will behave like the one they hope to duplicate. In such circumstances, the cloning of dogs for pet owners remains ethically indefensible.

The Korean researchers named their new dog Snuppy, for Seoul National University puppy (one can almost imagine the name being chosen — presumably on a conference call with the university press office). Let us wish him a long and happy life and hope that now that the concept behind the birth is proven, dogs are cloned only when strictly required for research purposes, and that effort is concentrated on work that carries the most likely rewards for canine and human health.

FEW MINUTES BEFORE THE GRADUATION

2010-10-02T22:39:00.000-07:00

Gak kerasa dikit lagi gue lulus. Begitu juga anak-anak SMA lainnya di seluruh Indonesia.
Waktu masuk SMA pertama kali gue sama temen-temen gue sempet bikin janji, bahawa kita sama-sama masuk SMA 58 dan keluarnya pun juga harus sama-sama :)

Dimulai dari hari pendaftaran, gue agak sedikit lega karena gak ngulang kesalahan gue waktu masuk SMP dulu, GUA NYASAR ke kelas 7.4 waks bayangkan kelas gua itu di 7.8 hahaha

Terus gue masuk ke kelas X.A dan melanjutkan kebiasaan gue yang jelek dari SD yaitu "TIDUR DI KELAS" wkwkwk
oiya, gue juga sempet ada konflik sama temen baik gue yg sekarang jadi temen biasa gue hemmm -,-

Terus masuk ke kelas XI IPS D yang kelasnya di pojokan dan suram bgt, seperti biasa gue juga melanjutkan kebiasaan gue yaitu "TIDUR DI KELAS " haha (giling bgt ya gue -___-" )
gue kira anak-anak kelas gue itu gak bisa diajak ngobrol dan bakal bikin masa-masa SMA gua biasa aja, tapi duduk sama "AYU SARI RIANDINI" hemm the best chairmate ever, selalu bangunin gue kalo ada guru, sabar ngajarin gue kalo gue gak ngerti itung-itungan hehe (makh ayuuu)
ada juga Yusi en Tami yang kadang ngeselin gara-gar telmi dan bikin orang mentok ngerjain soal.
Yang spesial dari kelas Xi D itu adalah "DUO JEBLOK" yang udah terkenal diman-mana sebelum SINTA JOJO wkwkw
mereka usil bgt bikin2 parodi lagu tentang anak2 sekelas, dari rank 1 sampe 10 dari opang nunu - wisnu geby :D

kalian the besttt bgt!!!!

sekarang gue masuk kelas XII IPS A yang anaknya yah okelah, meskipun gue tetep melakukan kebiasaan buruk gue yaitu "TIDUR DI KELAS" haha
ada dinda yang cantik bgt, dan sekarang chairmate gue si "NABILA CASSANDRA" itu salah satu personil nya duo jeblok hahaa
dia yang ngajarin gue untuk bersikap positif ngadepin segala sesuatunya, makh billll

gue juga sekelas lagi ama tami en mala yang ngeselinnnn gua selalu dibilang "CALON FANS'NYA" ihhh kresek -__- hahaha

gue juga sekelas lagi sama salah satu anggota "JIBAKUTEI" (anak2 tongkrongan gua dari kelas X.A) si Dista, kemarin sih sempet ada something2 antara gue sama dia, tapi namanya juga sahabat, akhir2annya balik lagi kan :))

oiya di kelas ini gue juga nemu orang aneh yang sekarang jadi pacar gue :)

hm, it must be really sad after the graduation, i'm sure you will feel the same.
but i'm sure we will make a great history to memorize the things we shared all this time, SEMOGA KITA LULUS YA SEMUA, MARI BERJUANG!!!!!!

nih saya juga mau nyelipin foto-foto kenangan :)

ini sekolah kita tercintaa :))

yang ini kondisi meja gue, yusi, tami en ayu ahahaha (kita tuh cewek bukan ya?)

sekian, nanti saya posting lagi yang banyak dehh :)
selamat membaca

MY FAVE PLAYLIST

2010-06-02T07:10:00.001-07:00

DANCING IN THE MOONLIGHT by TOPLOADER

We get it on most every night
when that moon is big and bright
its a supernatural delight
everybodys dancing in the moonlight

everybody here is out of sight
they dont bark and they dont bite
they keep things loose they keep it tight
everybodys dancing in the moonlight

dancing in the moonlight
everybodys feeling warm and bright
its such a fine and natural sight
everybodys dancing in the moonlight

we like our fun and we never fight
you cant dance and stay uptight
its a supernatural delight
everybody was dancing in the moonlight

dancing in the moonlight
everybodys feeling warm and bright
its such a fine and natural sight
everybodys dancing in the moonlight

we get in on most every night
and when that moon is big and bright
its a supernatural delight
everybodys dancing in the moonlight

dancing in the moonlight
everybodys feeling warm and bright
its such a fine and natural sight
everybodys dancing in the moonlight

[repeat 4x until fade]

WALK ME HOME by MANDY MOORE

Baby would you walk me home
I don't want to go all the way alone
Baby would you walk with me home
Baby would you take my hand
Come with me now to our special land,
Baby would you walk with me home
It's three a.m. and you're on my mind once again
I must have been dreaming
I thought I felt your heartbeat just then
Then I wondered how it would be
if I was your lady and you were my friend
I would put my heart in your hands
And it would never end
Baby would you walk me home
I don't want to go all the way alone
Baby would you walk with me home
Baby would you take my hand
Come with me now to our special land,
Baby would you walk with me home
I hold your picture next to my heart all the time
Oh yeah baby
You're my dream come true so glad you're mine
Then I wondered how it would be
if I was your lady and you were my friend
I would put my heart in your hands
And it would never end
Baby would you walk me home
I don't want to go all the way alone
Baby would you walk with me home
Baby would you take my hand
Come with me now to our special land,
Baby would you walk with me home
Every day and night I want to hold you
Understand that I am going to love you
In my own special way
Baby would you walk me home
I don't want to go all the way alone
Baby would you walk with me home
Baby would you take my hand
Come with me now to our special land,
Baby would you walk with me home

DON"T SAY YOU LOVE ME by M2M

VERSE 1
Got introduced to you by a friend
You were cute and all that
Baby you set the trend, yes you did oh
The next thing I know we're down at the cinema
We're sitting there, you start kissing me*
What's that about?

VERSE 2
You're moving too fast, I don't understand you
I'm not ready yet, baby I can't pretend
No I can't
The best I can do is tell you to talk to me
It's possible, eventual
Love will find a way
Love will find a way...

CHORUS
Don't say you love me
You don't even know me
If you really want me
Then give me some time
Don't go there baby
Not before I'm ready
Don't say your heart's in a hurry
It's not like we're gonna get married
Give me, give me some time

VERSE 3
Here's how I play, here's where you stand
Here's what to prove to get any further than where it's been
I'll make it clear, not gonna tell you twice
Take it slow, you keep pushing me
You're pushing me away
Pushing me away...

CHORUS

BRIDGE
Don't say you love me
You don't even know me baby�

Baby don't say you love me, baby
Give me some time...

CHORUS x 3

BIAR MENJADI KENANGAN by Reza Artamevia

[reza]
tetes air mataku tak tertahan lagi
menanti kepastian tentang kita
kau mh juga bersamanya
mh mencintainya
[masaki ueda]
maafkanlah, sayangku, atas keadaan
kamu tak pernah jadi kekhku
wajahnya selalu terbayang
saat kau disisiku
[duet]
aku dan kamu takkan tahu
mengapa kita tak berpisah
walau kita takkan pernah satu
biarlah aku menyimpan bayangmu
dan biarkanlah semua menjadi kenangan
yang terlukis didalam hatiku
meski pun pedih
namum tetap selalu ada disini
From: http://lyricstranslate.com/

I'M WITH YOU by Avril

I'm standin' on the bridge
I'm waitin' in the dark
I thought that you'd be here by now
There's nothing but the rain
No footsteps on the ground
I'm listening but there's no sound

Isn't anyone tryin' to find me?
Won't somebody come take me home?
It's a damn night
I'm tryin' to figure out this life
Won't you take me by the hand?
Take me somewhere new
I don't know who you are
But I'm, I'm with you
I'm with you
Hmm hmm hmm

I'm looking for a place
I'm searching for a face
Is anybody here I know?
'Cause nothing's going right
And everything's a mess
And no one likes to be alone

Isn't anyone tryin' to find me?
Won't somebody come take me home?
It's a damn night
I try to figure out this life
Won't you take me by the hand?
Take me somewhere new
I don't know who you are
But I'm, I'm with you
I'm with you
Yea yea

Oh, why is everything so confusing?
Maybe I'm just out of my mind
Yea eee yeah, yea eee yeah
Yea yee yea, yea eee yeah,yeah

It's a damn night
Tryin' to figure out this life
Won't you take me by the hand?
Take me somewhere new
I don't know who you are
But I'm, I'm with you, yea
I'm with you, yea

Take me by the hand
Take me somewhere new
I don't know who you are
But I'm, I'm with you, yea
I'm with you, yea

Take me by the hand
Take me somewhere new
I don't know who you are
But I'm, I'm with you, oh
I'm with you
I'm with you

WHITE FLAG by DIDO

I know you think that I shouldn't still love you,
Or tell you that.
But if I didn't say it, well I'd still have felt it
where's the sense in that?

I promise I'm not trying to make your life harder
Or return to where we were

I will go down with this ship
And I won't put my hands up and surrender
There will be no white flag above my door
I'm in love and always will be

I know I left too much mess and
destruction to come back again
And I caused nothing but trouble
I understand if you can't talk to me again
And if you live by the rules of "it's over"
then I'm sure that that makes sense

I will go down with this ship
And I won't put my hands up and surrender
There will be no white flag above my door
I'm in love and always will be

And when we meet
Which I'm sure we will
All that was there
Will be there still
I'll let it pass
And hold my tongue
And you will think
That I've moved on....

I will go down with this ship
And I won't put my hands up and surrender
There will be no white flag above my door
I'm in love and always will be

I will go down with this ship
And I won't put my hands up and surrender
There will be no white flag above my door
I'm in love and always will be

I will go down with this ship
And I won't put my hands up and surrender
There will be no white flag above my door
I'm in love and always will be

SAVE THE LAST DANCE by MICHAEL BUBLE

You can dance-every dance with the guy
Who gives you the eye,let him hold you tight
You can smile-every smile for the man
Who held your hand neath the pale moon light
But don't forget who's takin' you home
And in whose arms you're gonna be
So darlin' save the last dance for me

Oh I know that the musics fine
Like sparklin' wine,go and have your fun
Laugh and sing,but while we're apart
Don't give your heart to anyone
But don't forget who's takin' you home
And in whose arms you're gonna be
So darlin' save the last dance for me

Baby don't you know I love you so
Can't you feel it when we touch
I will never never let you go
I love you oh so much

You can dance,go and carry on
Till the night is gone
And it's time to go
If he asks if you're all alone
Can he take you home,you must tell him no
'Cause don't forget who's taking you home
And in whose arms you're gonna be
So darling,save the last dance for me

'Cause don't forget who's taking you home
And in whose arms you're gonna be
So darling,save the last dance for me
Save the last dance for me
Save the last dance for me.

SEDALAM CINTAMU by INDRA LESMANA

Terasa kini... pesonamu hadir debarkan hari
T'lah kau datangkan khayal yang terjanji
Ke dalam sukmaku... menuai rinduku...
Harum tubuhmu buai lelapku sirnakan s'gala resahku

Reff: Sedalam-dalam cintamu kuselami
Warna-warna terindah yang ada di bumi
Terlukis di jiwa t'lah membelai kalbu
Sedalam cintamu tercipta untukku

Ketika hati... tak kuasa pergi menyepi sendiri
T'lah kau yakinkan setia yang teruji
Di batas waktuku... menggapai cintaku
Aura hatimu sentuh hatiku sinari ruang asaku

Kembali ke: Reff

T'lah kusadari cinta tak terbatas
Rona masa kian berganti
Kuikuti hati, kaulah bisikan naluri
Ooh...

Reff II: Sedalam-dalam cintamu kuselami
Warna-warna terindah yang ada di bumi
Terlukis di jiwa t'lah membelai kalbu
Sedalam cintamu tercipta untukku

Sedalam-dalam cintamu kuselami
Warna-warna terindah yang ada di bumi
Terlukis di jiwa t'lah membelai kalbu
Sedalam cintamu tercipta untukku

HOW DO I by LEE RYAN

There she goes once again
The ghost of our love, it's making me shiver
It's only small drops of pain,
But even the rain can turn into rivers
Thought i'd be safe, living behind this wall
But the pressures too much, and it's starting to fall

So how do i get over you
How do i survive living half the life that i knew
Oh how do i get over you?
When you take away
Everything i held to be true
I wonder if you feel it too, do you?

Everywhere that i turn, there's something there
Something to remind me
When i sleep it's alone, still i reach out
As if you're beside me
Tried to move on, tried to find something new
But everything that i did
Is something we used to do

So how do i get over you
How do i survive living half the life that i knew
Oh how do i get over you?
When you take away
Everything i held to be true
I wonder if you feel it too, do you?

Seems like every place, every person we knew
Every sound every taste, reminds me of you
I thought this would be gone, but it's still so strong
I keep holding on, what else can i do?

So how do i get over you
How do i survive living half the life that i knew
Oh how do i get over you?
When you take away
Everything i held to be true
I wonder if you feel it too, do you?

PS : These are the songs that i always listening to everytime, i could write more songs, but later. so tired

All We Need Is LOve For Each Other

2010-06-02T05:39:00.000-07:00

The Greeks distinguished five kinds of love: storge, zinnia, filia, agape and eros. Each of these kinds of love takes different forms. Or to use the view made popular by Star Wars, each has both a light side and a dark side.

1.
Storge: Love of Family, Clan or Tribe
Read more in Psophy
« Aristotle Vs. Hobbes
How to Psophize »

Even in many modern cultures – such as Chinese, Greek and Italian cultures – the love of family is paramount. Its light side is that it gives the individual a sense of belonging, a stable base from which to live.

But storge has is dark side too. This love of one’s own tribe or family to the exclusion of others can take many forms. Among the many dark forms of this love is cronyism and nepotism. The other dark side of storge is the fear of the other. Racism and homophobia – hatred of the other on the bs of their race or sexual preference are examples of this dark side.
2.
Xenia: The Love of the Stranger

This is the kind of love that Christians celebrate and value in the story of the Good Samaritan. The Good Samaritan is one who helps a stranger. In this story the stranger is an enemy – a Jew. Xenia refers to the notion of hospitality to strangers and travellers.

The opposite of xenia is hatred of strangers – called xenophobia. Hatred of “the other” or “the stranger” takes many forms. It is evident in racist jokes, but in its most destructive form, it is what lies behind inter-racial violence and genocide.
3.
Agape (pronounced Ar -Garp -Ay): Selfless Love, Unconditional Love, Compassion

Agape is selfless, unconditional love. St Paul’s Letter to the Corinthians outlines the features of this form of love: it is patient and kind; it does not envy, nor boast; it keeps no record of wrong doing; it hopes, protects, trusts, and is not self seeking.

It is the kind of love that prompted Fred Hollows, the legendary Australian optometrist, to devote his life to bringing sight to Outback Australian aborigines who suffered from glaucoma and other debilitating diseases of the eye.

If there is a dark side to agape, it is in those who claim to act out of love and compassion, but whose love comes at a price. “Do-gooders” and “martyrs” – people who expect dependence and devotion in return for their “selfless” love are exhibiting the dark side of agape.
4.
Philia: Love of Friends, Friendship or Platonic Love

The English word “affiliation” derives from the Greek notion of philia; it refers to our joining together in a common purpose. As with storge, the dark side of philia relates to the exclusion of “not friends”. All of us have experienced clique-ness in groups – the ways in which the “IN” group excludes outsiders. This is very common among teenagers, and in some social settings.

As in virtually all forms of love, the light side is inclusive, the dark side, exclusive. In teenage groups – as in professional associations – language plays a critical role in the process of inclusion and exclusion. Whether it’s the topical slang teenagers, or the technical language of experts, or the obfuscating language of bureaucrats, language serves to establish or reject our “affiliation” .

Philia is distinguishable from eros because of the absence of a sexual component. In some ways, philia and storge are closely related; the circle of family is widened to include friends, people of the same beliefs and so on.

1. The notion of Platonic love is of a love that is free of sexual involvement. It is, in fact, a mix of philia – or friendship, agape – self less love, and storge – the love of family.
2. No discussion of love is complete without eros – the love of another. Indeed for many the word love means sexual love or Romantic love. I have deliberately placed love later in the list to emphse that it is NOT all there is to love.

There are numerous dark manifestations of eros. Lust is one of the seven deadly sins; it refers to an inflated form of eros in which sexual gratification, rather than spiritual union with the other, is the driving force.

* The love of self – what is sometimes called “healthy self esteem”, self acceptance or high self regard – is nowadays regarded as one of the most important ingredients of mental health.

It too has its dark side, and that dark side is referred to narcissism. The term actually refers to the dark, or inflated, form of self love.

* Homophilia refers to love of people of one’s own sex . In it sexual expression, this refers to homosexuality and lesbianism. But there is mre to it that simply the sexual. In the final pages of his novel, Woman in Love, D H Lawrence talks about the need he saw in men – a need he no doubt experienced himself – to have string relationsh with other men. Women too experience this need. In many nomadic and hunter gatherer societies, there were clear lines of demarcation between “secret men”s business’ and “secret women”s business’.

The dark side of this for of love is referred to as homophobia. In Australia, homosexuality was regarded as a criminal offence until relatively recently; indeed, in one state – Tasmania – it has only been decriminalised in the last decade.

1. The love of children takes many forms. Maternal and paternal love are clear examples, but in human communities generally children receive great affection from the adults around them. The dark side of this love of children is given the term paedophilia.
2. Love of power and control

Warrior love or leadership love – the love of the hunt, of power, of control over others and over the environment – is another kind of love. Exercised wisely, it can bring direction and cohesion to the group, and prosperity to a tribe or family. However, where power becomes the sole focus, it results in dictatorship, and in abuse of the rights and needs of others, and abuse of the natural order.

From this account, it is clear that love takes many forms. And in each case – with the possible exclusion of agape – there is a difficult balance to be maintained.

Take “self love”, for example. When I grew up, in the 1940s and 1950s, one of the worst things you could say about another person was: “He loves himself”. In those times, people were expected to be modest; boasting was frowned upon. Similarly, “showing off” – drawing attention to oneself – was unacceptable. Both were seen as inflated forms of self love – what we have come to call narcissism.

As time passed, we came to realise that many young people suffered low self-esteem; they didn’t have a healthy level of self regard. The insistence that people not “love themselves” often resulted in people being passive and unwilling to speak up, even when their rights were being infringed, or when they were being unfairly treated.

The cult of the celebrity seems to given rise to unprecedented levels of destructive narcissism. Oscar Wilde’s much-quoted quip – “The only thing worse than people talking about you, is people NOT talking about you.” – seems to have been stretched to its limit, and “celebrities” will go to any extremes to ensure that people notice them – continually. They don’t want 15 minutes of fame, it seems; they want total, unending fame. Consider the antics of: Paris Hilton, Jessica Simpson, Lionel Ritchie, Britney Spears, Courtney Love… the list could go on forever.

In some ways, self love and storge – love of family and tribe – represent opposite poles. There is in all of us a strong press toward individuality – the strong need to see ourselves as separate, unique, independent, individual. Our notion of person-hood is tied, in part at least, to a striving toward self actualisation. At the same time we feel the gravitational pull of the clan; we long for a sense of belonging to a community.

The attraction of storge is everywhere about us: in the nationalism that emerges in international sporting contests, with the waving of flags and the chanting of slogans. For many years, the call ‘Aussie, Aussie, Aussie – Oi Oi Oi’ would be taken up by Australian cricket crowds, barracking for their team. It can been, too, in the fierce competitiveness that is evident at Australian Rules football games; Collingwood supporters often dress in the black and white team colours, wear black and white face paint, wave Collingwood flags and banners – and the supporters of The Eagles and the Crows and the Demons and the Blues are equally “committed” to the team. English soccer teams – Manchester United, Arsenal, Chelsea, Sheffield Wednesday – evoke similar “group” phenomena. The same is true of baseball, basketball and NFL games in the US: sporting teams are associated with fanatical support, evident in ways of dress, team chants, barracking and so on.

The line between fanatical support and aggression towards the other is very thin indeed. The love of members of the family or clan can be mirrored by vigourous exclusion of non- tribe people. This can involve violence. In the extreme, its outcome is genocide.

The opposite of this exclusionism is xenia – the acceptance and love of the stranger. In many cultures it is the custom to offer hospitality to a stranger; as the old wisdom says, that stranger may be a god. Perhaps in the earliest years of human evolution tribes learned that strangers were not always to be feared, that sometimes strangers brought good – new technologies, new artefacts, new ideas, new knowledge about food sources.

As a young man, brought up on Christian values, I set as my goal becoming a primary school teacher. I had always loved working with children, at church camps. I looked forward to the day when I would be able to begin teaching. It is therefore distressing to find young men deciding against a teaching career – especially at primary school level – because of their fear that they will be mistrusted, and that parents and other teachers will question their motives.

Philia, of friendship, has much in common with both eros and storge. Its links with eros relate to the intensity of friendship, and the closeness that we sometimes feel when with our friends. For some people, at some times in their lives, their friendsh may seem to be as important, or more important than their relationsh with their family. Friends living in communal relationsh often become like families, with their inherent strengths and weaknesses – the expectations of loyalty to the friendship group, the exclusion of strangers / outsiders, and so on.

The hugely successful US TV series, Friends, with its group of six people spending much of their leisure time in each others’ company is due in no small part to our attraction to the concept of friendship. As a model for how young people might strive to live, Friends was hugely influential.

The daughter of a friend of mine – I’ll call her “Sally” – left her isolated country town when she finished year 12 to commence her university studies. Her university was in Melbourne, over 500 kilometres from home; but she and her three friends were sure things would work out: they were setting up a joint household, quite close to the university. Five months later she was back in the country town. Things hadn’t worked out in the household. People didn’t pull their weight; there was bickering and jealousy and ganging up. Sally was disillusioned; “I thought it would be just like Friends,” she told her mother.

Our yearnings for love – philia: for affiliation – for friendship, and for eros: romantic love , and for storge: for a tribe to belong to, and for Narcissus-like self love – all of these have been exploited of late by computer whizz kids through phenomena like, online dating, MySpace and FaceBook. Being popular, being affiliated, having friends has never been more important, it seems, than at this moment in history. “You can double your number of friends a day,” the ads tell us. And young people, in particular, have been hooked into purchng and using mobile phones – so they need never feel alone, and can SMS their friends from any place, at any time.

There are groups to join – Save the Whale group, People opposed to Mumu dresses, Ukulele Revolution … You can prod and super-prod friends, challenge them in a “How-many-capital-cities-do-you-know? Quiz”, or compare notes on movies.

St Paul ends his letter to the Corinthians with the observation that there are three great virtues: Truth, hope and love – and the greatest of these is love. The love he refers to is agape – unconditional love, that is patient and kind, that keeps no record of wrong doing, love that accepts and forgives. Agape is a self-less love; it does not seek anything for itself, only good for the other.

It is a fine ideal – as are eros and philia and xenia and self love and storge and the rest. So in a way the Beatles were right: all we do need, to make this world a better place in which to live out our span of days, is love. But it is love in the plural, and it is those forms of love in balance.

If we were to frame a humanist’s prayer it might go something like this:

In our lives, may we all show love in all its forms.

Let that love for our family and clan – that which we call storge – be there, but not in its dark form, that would exclude the “other” simply because it is different.

Let that love for our friends – that we call philia – be there.

Let eros be part of our lives – eros that draws us in close intimacy with another.

Let there be love of children – a love that wants only what is good for the child, and not love that is manipulative or centred on our own needs rather than the needs of the child.

Let us be welcoming to strangers and to those different from us – who knows, they may be gods. May we be hospitable to others, and accepting and tolerant of them, and make them welcome.

May we love ourselves, be accepting of ourselves, be forgiving of ourselves.

Let us strive, too, for selfless love – for agape, recognising what humans have long known: that we are not islands, complete until ourselves, but are – with all humankind – a part of a promontory.

All we need is love, in all its forms, and in balance. If we could achieve this, imagine what the world might be like.

Read more: http://socyberty.com/psophy/all-we-need-is-love-two/#ixzz0phOfkrfy

TORTURED SOUL

2010-01-22T23:04:00.000-08:00

JKriv

Bass & Background Vocals

JKriv (Jason Kriveloff) is a bassist, producer and songwriter with a roster of musical achievements as diverse as his own musical tastes. His love of music began as a child standing on a coffee table singing for his family, later became a means of wooing his female high-school classmates, and eventually was honed in the Oberlin Conservatory’s Jazz Performance program, where he studied and performed with numerous jazz masters including Clark Terry, Joe Henderson, Cecil Taylor and Freddie Hubbard.

For the past 10 years Jason’s primary focus as a performer, songwriter and producer has been Tortured Soul. But in addition to the band’s tireless worldwide touring schedule and stellar release history, Jason has also spearheaded two side production projects “The Moves” and “bgb,” releng singles on numerous dance labels including OM Records, Dessous Recordings and Central Park Recordings. As a remix artist J scored major success with two top-ten Billboard Dance Chart singles for Sony Urban artists Vivian Green and Goapele, and he’s composed music for TV, radio and film, including the programs “Sesame Street,” “All My Children,” and “This American Life.”

When he’s not on the road with Tortured Soul, J’s skills as bassist are in high demand as well; he recently performed with Brazilian Girls (Verve Forecast) on their 2008 Summer and Fall tour, playing major venues such as Brooklyn’s Prospect Park and Chicago’s Lollapalooza. He’s also gigged with guitarist Avi Bortnick (John Scofield band), R&B singer Angela Johnson and many others, and is rerly called on for NYC session work. With the scarce spare moments he can find, J is currently working on developing a few new musical directions of his own, including a full-length “bgb” album.

Ethan White

Keyboards & Background Vocals

Ethan White is a unique artist with a rich and vital musical history. He began playing piano at age 7, studying classical music at first, then discovered jazz in his early teens. In the mid 90s, Ethan came to New York to study jazz piano with Donald Friedman, an esteemed pianist who has played with jazz luminaries such as Ornette Coleman, Eric Dolphy and Herbie Mann.

Ethan eventually garnered respect in the NYC jazz circuit and landed a residency at the famous venue Birdland-opening for countless musical legends that would play there. This period of the late 1990’s was an incredible time of creativity and collaboration for the jazz scene in New York, and Ethan eventually became part of Topaz-a 6 piece acid jazz group that toured the country for several years.

The rhythm section from Topaz eventually broke away to form the trio Tortured Soul. They began touring in 2003, and have become one of the premier live dance acts of this generation. While touring every continent, they have played venues as diverse as the Montreal Jazz Festival, Zouk Singapore, Bonnaroo in Tennessee, Fabric in London, and The Capetown International Jazz Festival in South Africa. They have shared the stage with world renowned DJ’s like Carl Cox, Miguel Migs, Jazzanova, and Louie Vega. They have also performed with many legendary live acts such as Chaka Kahn, The Wailers, The Brand New Heavies, and Pharcyde.

2007 saw the debut recordings of DunnEasy, a collaboration with Ethan and DJ Ed Dunn of 3 Degrees, releng “Ready To Love” on Jellybean Soul and remixing Yass’s “I Go Deep” on Kerri Chandler’s Grei Matter Label. 2007 also marked Ethan’s debut as a solo artist and producer, beginning with winning the West End Records remix contest for his remix of the Larry Levan/Sparque classic “Let’s Go Dancing.” Shortly after he released his debut original single, “Find the Way” on Large Music and signed on as an official Large Music artist.

J. Christian Urich

Lead Vocals & Drums

Christian was born and raised in Manhattan. From the moment he existed he was surrounded by music and theater as his parents were professional actors and singers on television and Broadway. At age 6 he began playing violin and piano, at age 12 he sang with the New York City Opera and The Metropolitan Opera, and at age 13 he began to play the drums. He majored in music composition at SUNY Purchase, and in 1993 wrote and produced “Don’t Throw My Love Around” for his project Cooly’s Hot Box that was signed by Pete Tong and released on Polygram Records.

Since then he has written, produced, and collaborated on roughly 100 dance and R&B tracks released on various labels including Central Park, Strictly Rhythm, Sole, Coco Machete, Delicious Vinyl, Sony Japan, Columbia Japan, R-Senal, Dome, Defected, Purpose, Velour, Papa, and TSTC Records. He has collaborated with DJ Spinna, Roger Sanchez, N’dea Davenport, Angela Johnson, Sabina (Brazilian Girls,) Victor Axelrod (Ticklah,) and, of course, Jason Kriveloff and Ethan White. As a professional drummer and singer, Christian has played over 1000 shows all over the world; and he has the vitality, virility, will power, and stage presence of 10,000 stampeding rhinos.

IN MY FANTASY BY TORTURED SOUL

2010-01-22T22:16:00.000-08:00

Think im going out tonight. Do u wanna come with me?
There's a special place that i go and that i want u to see why u hesitatin baby
baby dont u wanna try?
We can share a fantasy come on baby dont be shy.
Can u start to feel it when we move?
U and me together in the groove
then whatever happens let it be
u might even fall in love with me.
Come with me tonight.
Come and u will see.
Everything's all right
in my fantasy.
It's an invitation that u don't need to rsvp
if they hold u up at the door
just tell'em that u're with me
wouldn't have to invited u
unless u're a special friend
(my friend 2x) if u feel don't like it u never have to come here again but i know u'll like it baby
and that u'll keep coming back

never knew that anyone that didn't like it and that's a fact.
Girl it's all up to u
u're the one that has to decide take ur time but not too long
don't want u to miss the ride

don't u wanna try it just one time
yeah, be4 u know it u'll be mine anything can happen here tonight if it feels good it's all right.
U and i can fantze
come on with me baby
come on with me girl

FALL IN LOVE BY TORTURED SOUL

2010-01-22T22:15:00.000-08:00

Won't you give me your hand baby?
Won't you give me your hand
to hold in mine
Won't you give me a kiss baby?
all I need is your kiss to fee
come on over and dance with me
I can see you move the way I do
If you give it a chance baby
maybe you'll fall in love
like I love you

I just want you
to fall in love
I just want you
to fall in love with me
I just want you
to fall in love
I just want you
to fall in love like me

Always wanted to make you mine
ever since the first night
that we met
but I knew it would take some time
cause you're the kind of girl
thats hard to get
but I could tell by the way you smile
if I gave it a try you wouldn't mind it
everyone's looking for love
we can try together and we might even find it

just like me baby
(I want you to love me)
oh baby yea
yea oh yea baby
hey fall in love
lets fall in love
cause I'm fallin baby
well, I'm fallin girl

I know that you and me are friends,
oh yea
but I know that I won't be satisfied
If thats the way our relationship ends
I could say thats cool but that would be a lie
you might be afraid
but theres no need to be
I will treat you right
and theres no doubt about it
let yourself go
come on and trust
I won't betray this love cause
I don't wanna live without it

come on baby lets fall in love
(don't you be scared cause I will always be there for you)
come on baby lets fall in love
(All I wanna do is lay around with you, yea)
come on baby lets fall in love
(yes I'll take my time and I'll make you mine baby)
come on baby lets fall in love
(won't you come over tonight so we can feel alright, thats right)
come on baby lets fall in love
(touch me and feel yea my love is for real)
yea yea yea
come on baby lets fall in love
(I will catch you when you're falling,
you can trust me baby)
come on baby lets fall in love
(you've got to believe that what I've got
is what you need its love baby)
yea yea yea

SPECIAL LADY BY TORTURED SOUL

2010-01-22T22:14:00.000-08:00

Special, shes a special lady, yea baby
special, shes a special lady, baby yea, lady

she won't ever let you down
she won't ever let you down
as long you have money she’s around

she can do it every night
she can do it every night
and baby while she’s with you you'll feel alright

at first you'll notice when she doesn't stay
doesn't really matter what you want
she never hangs around anyway
you thought you had her but now she’s got you
and now you want her back baby
what you gonna do?

you can't fight the feeling
you can't fight the feeing
you know that you need it
ah you need it bad
she gives life a meaning
gives you life new meaning
got your body reeling

'cause she’s a very special lady
she’s a very special girl
she’s a super friendly baby, yeah yeah
she could really change your world

you've been trying hard all night
you've been trying hard all day
tyring not to think about her but she’s got her ways
you've been thinking she’s no good for you
but now you're sure
but it would really be nice
to see her just once more

your invitation leaves me with a smile
yeah one more time for old times sake
one more time baby
but all the while
you might not know exactly where or when
but she knows that it won't be too long
before you call her again.

you can't fight the feeling
you can't fight the feeing
you know that you need it
oh you need it bad
she gives life a meaning
gives you life new meaning
got your body reeling
you don't know why you're still sad
you can try to leave her
you can try and try
you can't find the power
yeah you're helpless like a child
something deep inside you
way down deep inside you
you can't say goodbye to

'cause she’s a very special lady
she’s your girl shes the one
she’s a very special girl
yeah she always makes a good time better
she’s a super friendly baby
she could really change your world
feeling nice every night keep on spending your money

she won't ever let you down
she won't ever let you down
everybody have a good time
while she’s around
we're feeling fine
she can do it every night
she can do it every night
and baby when shes with you you'll feel alright

she’s a special lady for you baby
yes yes no don't fight the feeling
yeah I can't tell you what to do
but if you do
don't lie shes hard to say goodbye to
shes likes to keep that party rockin'
deep into the morning and threw the afternoon
yo check out the sunrise
you think you got her under your control
one more time you're gonna call her back soon

borrow the time you'll have to pay
you don't mind now but you might one day
life is short and I understand
Hell I can't change I'm a party man
I need it I want it I want it
just like you yeah shes the one that I choose
what you want me to do
with her I never ever loose

try and try to keep on
they keep up close but soon she'll be gone
spent all your money but its no crime
nothing wrong with having a good time
you ain't broke yet you still got credit
atm cash advance go get it
one two three four five hundred dollar limit
their getting people in it
four more hours till you're due at work
the whole damn house is still goin beserk
leave right now you could get free
but do you want the sleep or do you wan't the lady

HOME TO YOU BY TORTURED SOUL

2010-01-22T22:13:00.000-08:00

You tell me, "Baby, try to have a good time,
"But while you're gone, just remember you're mine."
So I leave and go from town to town
Playin' my music helps me from feelin' down
Yes, I'm movin' and I keep movin' on
I meet new friends every day that I'm gone
Yes, it's cool, but it can't replace
The feelin' I get when I see your pretty face

When you smile for me
And the way your lips kiss me so tenderly
Every time I leave you, you know, I miss you so much
I can't take it much longer
'Cause, baby, I need your touch

I can't wait to get home to you
'Cause I'm missin' your lovin' late at night
I can't wait to get home to you
Without your love, nothing feels quite right

I can't wait to get home to you
'Cause there's been so many lonely days
I can't wait to get home to you
'Cause I'm missin' you in so many ways
So many ways, baby

I feel so bad when we fight on the phone
It's hard enough fighting to not feel alone
I know you're there for me even when you're angry
I don't mean to yell, you know I'm sorry, baby
When I get back, you know we have to make up
I'll come and whisper to you, "Baby, wake up."
We'll be together, baby, once again
We can make love 'til we make a baby

Baby, you and I
We can take the time to make up for the time gone by
Just a little longer, I'll be back to stay
So I can kiss you and love you every single day
Every day

I can't wait to get home to you
I've been missin' your body late at night
I can't wait to get home to you
'Cause without your love, nothin' feels quite right

I can't wait to get home to you
There's been some long, long, long, long lonely days
I can't wait to get home to you
'Cause I'm missin' you in so many ways

Baby, I can't wait to get home to you
I can't wait to get home to you [x 6]
I can't wait to get home
Home to you

I can't wait to get home to you
'Cause I need to feel your lovin', pretty baby
Yeah yeah yeah
Been such a long time such a long time
I can't wait to get home to you
You and me should be together
Don't you know we'll feel much better, yeah yeah
I can't wait to get home to you
Girl, I need your kisses
Don't you know I'm missin' you
I can't wait to get home to you